What does ERK5 do?
In summary, the MEK5/ERK5 pathway appears to enhance myogenic gene transcription by a mechanism dependent on the presence of myogenic activators, such as MyoD and MEF2C. The process of myocyte differentiation is a multicellular phenomenon coincident with cell fusion and formation of myotubes (Walsh and Perlman, 1997).
How do you activate protein kinase?
Protein kinase A (PKA) is activated by the binding of cyclic AMP (cAMP), which causes it to undergo a conformational change. As previously mentioned, PKA then goes on to phosphoylate other proteins in a phosphorylation cascade (which required ATP hydrolysis).
How is cAMP produced?
cAMP is a nucleotide synthesised within the cell from ATP by the action of a membrane-bound enzyme, adenylyl cyclase. It is produced continuously and inactivated by hydrolysis to 5′-AMP by the action of a family of enzymes known as phosphodiesterases (PDEs).
What is cAMP made from?
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a second messenger used for intracellular signal induction. It is synthesized from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by enzymes (g-proteins) that are attached to metabotropic receptors and become released when the receptor is activated.
How cyclic AMP is formed?
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was the original “second messenger” to be discovered. Its formation is promoted by adenylyl cyclase activation after ligation of G protein–coupled receptors by ligands including hormones, autocoids, prostaglandins, and pharmacologic agents.
What are phosphatases and kinases?
In biochemistry, a kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates. This process is known as phosphorylation, where the high-energy ATP molecule donates a phosphate group to the substrate molecule.
How is cAMP generated?
How are phosphatases activated?
Phosphoprotein phosphatase is activated by the hormone insulin, which indicates that there is a high concentration of glucose in the blood. The enzyme then acts to dephosphorylate other enzymes, such as phosphorylase kinase, glycogen phosphorylase, and glycogen synthase.
How is cyclic AMP generated?
It is synthesized from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by enzymes (g-proteins) that are attached to metabotropic receptors and become released when the receptor is activated. Cyclic AMP is involved in the regulation of glycogen, sugar, and lipid metabolism.
Where are phosphatases found?
Physiology. In humans, alkaline phosphatase is present in all tissues throughout the body, but is particularly concentrated in the liver, bile duct, kidney, bone, intestinal mucosa and placenta. In the serum, two types of alkaline phosphatase isozymes predominate: skeletal and liver.
Do phosphatases require ATP?
Phosphorylation involves the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to the enzyme, the energy for which comes from hydrolysing ATP into ADP or AMP. However, dephosphorylation releases phosphates into solution as free ions, because attaching them back to ATP would require energy input.
What is the function of ERK5?
ERK5: structure, regulation and function Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), also termed big mitogen-activated protein kinase-1 (BMK1), is the most recently identified member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family and consists of an amino-terminal kinase domain, with a relatively large carboxy-terminal of unique …
Is the ERK5 pathway involved in the pathogenesis of cancer?
However, in the last decade, data have accumulated showing that the ERK5 pathway is frequently activated in various tumors and regulates several hallmarks of cancer, as already comprehensively covered in excellent reviews elsewhere [ 12, 13, 15 ].
How does MEK5 activate ERK5?
Inactive ERK5 resides in the cytosol, forming a complex with Hsp90-Cdc37 superchaperone. In a canonical mechanism, MEK5-dependent activation results in ERK5 C-terminal autophosphorylation, Hsp90 dissociation, and nuclear translocation. This mechanism integrates signals such as growth factors and stresses that activate the MEK5-ERK5 pathway.
Can nuclear ERK5 be used as a prognostic biomarker of neuroblastoma?
Also, ERK5 localizes at the nucleus of CLB-BAR and CLB-GE human neuroblastoma cell lines, even in the presence of the ERK5 inhibitor XMD8-92 ( Umapathy et al., 2014 ). These findings suggest that nuclear ERK5 expression, instead of ERK5 phosphorylation, might be used as prognostic biomarker of some cancers. Table 1.